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“Mahāvīra's Gaṇita-sāra-saṅgraha (850 CE) poses the hundred-birds problem: pigeons at 5 for 3 paṇas, sārasas at 7 for 5, swans at 9 for 7, peacocks at 3 for 9 — buy 100 birds for 100 paṇas: two equations, four unknowns, integer solutions required. The same problem-type appears in Zhang Qiujian's Chinese classic (c. 475 CE, priority) and Alcuin's Latin puzzles (c. 800) — a marker problem for the circulation of mathematics across Eurasia. ”