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“Mahāvīra's Ganita-sara-sangraha VII.21 (850 CE) gives an explicit rule for the area of an ellipse: shorter diameter / 4, multiplied by the circumference (computed from the two diameters in the same verse). Reduces to A = π·a·b with π taken as 3. Accurate to ~10% for moderate eccentricities, ~20% for typical pond-shaped ellipses. First explicit ellipse-area formula in surviving Sanskrit mathematics. ”