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“Sūrya-Siddhānta xiii (the "astronomical upaniṣad" chapter) directs the teacher to build an armillary sphere — an earth-globe ringed by the circles of the asterisms and ecliptic — explicitly "in order to the instruction of the pupil," then covers other instruments, especially for timekeeping (xiii.17–25). Burgess notes Indian practice paired a meridian circle with the clepsydra, closely analogous to later Western method: the hardware behind the siddhānta's precision parameters. ”