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“The Tantrasaṅgraha of Nīlakaṇṭha Somayājī (Kerala, c. 1500 CE) states the alternating series π/4 = 1 − 1/3 + 1/5 − 1/7 + … as a verse rule for the circumference of a circle of given diameter, together with a rational end-correction that sharply accelerates convergence. The Kerala school's commentaries attribute the series to Mādhava (c. 1340–1425). Leibniz published the same series in Europe in 1673; Charles Whish first reported the Kerala texts to European scholarship in 1834. ”