The corpus, every claim citable.

Aryabhatiya Golapada IV.9 uses the boat analogy to argue that the apparent westward motion of stars is an illusion caused by Earth's eastward axial rotation. Aryabhatiya I.1 quantifies it: 1,582,237,500 rotations per yuga ≈ 366.26 sidereal rotations per year, accurate to ~4 parts per million against modern measurement. Predates Copernicus by 1,044 years; contested within Indian astronomy itself (Brahmagupta rejected it in 628 CE).

The Aryabhatiya of Aryabhata · tr. W. E. Clark, 1930